TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: Notably, CSF TGF-β1 concentrations are increased in Alzheimer’s disease (Swardfager et al. 2010), but their relationship with cognitive performance depends on the disease stage, with both unaffected and severely affected individuals showing a positive correlation with cognitive performance (i.e., MMSE), whereas mildly-to-moderately affected patients exhibit a negative relationship (Motta et al. 2007).