Among the downregulated genes in NHD brains, we observed genes enriched in pathways involved in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated cascade and NF-κB (PRKCE, DUSP4, MAP2K1, MAP2K, AKT3, ECSIT) [85, 105]. This evidence concerns the gene ECSIT and Nasu-Hakola disease.