The genes significantly upregulated in NHD brains were enriched in pathways associated with inflammation and immune activation (Fig. 6a), such as inflammatory cytokines (IL8, IL18, IL6R, TGFB1, IL17RA); antigen presentation molecules (IRF8, CD86, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DRA); and chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL12, CXCL16, SELPLG) (Supplementary Table 6, online resource). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Nasu-Hakola disease.