Molecules previously shown to be involved in VC in CKD, including fibroblast growth factor 23, sclerostin, parathyroid hormone, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, matrix Gla protein, osteocalcin, and osteoprotegerin, have larger molecular weight and express more specific pathophysiological processes (29–34) compared to the metabolites shown in Figure 4. Here, TNFRSF11B is linked to chronic kidney disease.