This is consistent with the observations that KRT14 is upregulated in different animal models of airway injury, for example with SO2, Cl2, naphthalene, and polidocanol as well as in human airway diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS), and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) (17–21). This evidence concerns the gene KRT14 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.