In the latter study, increased expression of serum cytokines IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cardiac troponin I was documented in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection only, which indicates that in this case series, influenza A had no serious impact on disease outcomes, but rather reduced inflammation in certain COVID-19 patients [36]. Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.