INS and Insulin resistance: For example, pulmonary oxidative stress [21] and the resultant systemic inflammatory response [22] that has been observed in animal and human studies of air pollution could impact insulin resistance and serum glucose control, affect the amount of self-administered insulin, increase the risk of hypoglycemic episodes (which have recently been linked directly to CVD risk and mortality [23]), and/or directly increase the burden of CVD in T1DM patients [24].