TNF and central nervous system cancer: The glioma resection surgery increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) in the brain, which promoted the recruitment of systemic administrated ND-MMSNs to the residual glioma site (Figure 3B–D), improved survival rate, and delayed glioma relapse in the surgically treated glioma mice (Figure 3E) [33].