Moreover, the EVs with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) (siPDL1) attachment on its membrane, termed RGD-EV:siPDL1, could decrease the radiation-induced PD-L1 expression on tumor-associated myeloid cells and tumor cells, revealing the potential of combination therapy of NPC-EVs and short-burst radiation [80]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.