Cytokines, such as TGF-β, VEGF, and IL10, and other chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, and CCL13, are also released by tumor cells, leading to interference in immune recognition by the recruitment of immune-modulatory cells, with the inhibition of the proliferation and function of effector cells (discussed further in Section 6). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neoplasm.