TGFB1 and cancer: In addition, TGF-β may reprogram the stromal fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment into an immune modulatory phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblast that further represses the immune response through the secretion of TGF-β and IL6, leading to the inhibition of antigen-presenting dendritic cells and T-cell priming, eventually leading to suppressive immune stroma [71].