TNF and urinary bladder cancer: Tang et al. obtained exosomes from M1 phenotype macrophages by treating raw 264.7 cells with LPS and IFN-γ and found that they express higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, thereby exacerbating the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine on mouse bladder cancer [41].