TNF and COVID-19: Since the virus-induced cytokine storm in the lungs caused by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β and inflammatory immune cell-induced tissue damage mediated by monocyte and lymphocyte-attracting chemokines is known to be associated with COVID-19 disease severity in humans [29,30,31], we next determined chemokine production in murine lungs by Q-PCR.