IL4 and anemia (phenotype): The aim of the current study was to correlate the concentration of cytokines IL-4, IFNγ and interleukin 17A (IL-17A) with: (i) the presence or absence of parasitic infections, clinical signs and symptoms, undernutrition, anaemia, micronutrient deficiency, inflammatory and anaemia markers, and (ii) household and community risk factors such as drinking water sources and sanitation, housing quality, location of the school and socioeconomic status, which play a role in parasite transmission and infection.