TNF and colitis: For example, barley leaf insoluble dietary fiber alleviates experimental colitis by modulating gut microbiota [6]; Tatsuya et al. demonstrated that oyster extract derived from Crassostrea gigas improved the intestinal flora structure, increased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content, and thus improved the DSS-induced colitis [7]; and Sun et al. revealed that an excessive use of litchi causes intestinal flora dysbacteriosis, elevated serum levels of TNF-α and LPS, and destruction of the intestinal mucosal layer, causing intestinal inflammation [8].