PARP1 and age-related macular degeneration: With specific regard to ARPE-19, oligomeric Aβ1-42 can trigger AMD-like injury by activating poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) and repressing Sirtuin (SIRT1) [44], while a different study carried out by Varinthra et al. showed elevated expression of TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase via nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling [45].