CCL2 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Clinical studies, furthermore, have shown that the serum levels of several cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC-motif ligand (CCL)-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β/CCL3, and C-reactive protein are higher in those with NEC compared with those without [16].