CCL2 and cancer: Defined as the continuous (even low-level) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other soluble factors over long periods of time (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, which is also known as CXCL8, CCL2, which is also known as MCP-1, CCL3, CXCL10, which is also known as IP-10, IFNγ, and sCD14), chronic inflammation is responsible for severe tissue damage and an increased risk of non-AIDS comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, cancer, renal disease, neurocognitive disorders, and liver disease) and mortality [12].