TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: The anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions of melatonin were also seen in the heart of melatonin-treated mice with diabetes mellitus, where it was found that melatonin significantly ameliorates cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, as manifested by downregulating TGF-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, mature IL-1β, and interleukin-18 (IL-18) [167].