The main findings of this study were that: (1) plasma bio-ADM level was elevated in patients with I/H-PAH, compared with ASD patients without PH (control group) and the ASD-PAH group; (2) the plasma bio-ADM level was tended to be higher in patients with ASD-PAH as compared to controls; and (3) a higher plasma bio-ADM level tended to be associated with a higher mortality rate in subjects with PAH, both ASD-PAH and I/H-PAH ones. The gene discussed is ADM; the disease is atrial septal defect.