ROS are potent mediators of cardiac hypertrophy by activating numerous hypertrophic signaling cascades, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt) [131], calcineurin, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and tyrosine kinases [132]. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.