MTOR and muscle atrophy: TE supplementation was previously shown to protect against age-related skeletal muscle atrophy by improving the mRNA expression of redd1, klf15, foxo1, murf1, and mafbx in SAMP8 mice in the GR-FoxO signaling pathway [44,45], which is involved in a variety of downstream molecular cascades toward muscle atrophy and is related to mTOR activity [37,46].