NPPB and chronic kidney disease: A related study investigated in 2020 the associations between established biomarkers (NT-proBNP and troponin T (hsTnT)) and novel biomarkers (growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), Gal-3, and soluble ST-2), using echocardiographic measurements in persons with CKD, and their results showed that the novel GDF-15 along with NT-proBNP and hsTnT, were associated with echocardiographic measurements of subclinical cardiovascular disease [20].