ACLY and systemic lupus erythematosus: Through the use of transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, several studies [34,35,36,37,38] showed a significantly higher prevalence of valvular defects in SLE patients with aPLs than in those without these antibodies, while another [39] concluded that aCL antibodies either did not play a causative role or were not the only risk factors in the development of cardiac valvular vegetations.