PPARG and hyperandrogenism: Additionally, Lee et al. designated significant PPARγ mRNA downregulation in the granulosa cells of PCOS patients [48] and Qu et al. described lower PPARγ1 mRNA levels in granulosa cells of both hyperandrogenism PCOS patients with failed pregnancies and PCOS-induced rats, with hypermethylated CpG sites in the PPARγ1 promoter [49].