TNF and Insulin resistance: In non-pregnant situations, the circulating levels of adipokines and cytokines, notoriously linked to insulin resistance and energy balance regulation, such as tumor necrosis factor α, several proinflammatory interleukins, and chemoattractant proteins (i.e., MCP-1), plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1, retinol binding protein 4, resistin, and leptin, showed a positive relationship with BMI [9].