In permissive non-myeloid cells, HIV-1 viral particles mainly assemble at the cell surface [45,46,47,48,49,50], as we also reported in virus-producing HEK-293T cells by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) [21] and characterized the mechanism of HIV-1 infection promoted by Vif or Nef viral factors and the antiviral action exerted by HDAC6 and/or TDP-43 (TDP-43/HDAC6 axis) in this and other permissive cells [12,19,20,21,22,23,25]. Here, TARDBP is linked to HIV-1 infection.