PDCD1 and Autoimmunity: As most irDM cases are correlated with anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 mAbs, it is postulated that the pathophysiology of irT1DM integrates the role of PD-1 in autoimmunity, the disinhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, the genetic susceptibility, and the islet autoantibodies.