RPSA and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Islet autoantibodies are considered a hallmark of T1DM, detected in over 90% of patients with T1DM and classified in five types: islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADAs), tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule IA-2 autoantibodies (IA-2As), and zinc transporter 8 protein autoantibodies (ZnT8As) [13,57].