For the neurodegenerative diseases, the recognition of DAMPs via amyloid beta (Aβ) in AD, alpha-synuclein in PD, the mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) gene or transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by PRRs leads to the activation of the resident brain immune cells such as microglia, resulting in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease development and progression [33]. Here, TARDBP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.