TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Cheng et al. [11] demonstrated that TGF-β1 gene silencing significantly downregulated ECM components such as collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in rat liver stellate cells, leading to the treatment of fibrosis, whereas Tarantal et al. [12] found that overexpressing TGF-β1 potentially resulted in severe pulmonary fibrosis in fetal monkeys.