Of note, a decreased secretion of GM-CSF among the postoperative CAD cohort in comparison to the preoperative CAD cohort could possibly aggravate atherosclerosis, as evidenced by accumulating PPAR-γlow macrophages that positively regulate inflammation [70] and cholesterol metabolism [71], and increased lesions and decreased tolerogenic dendritic cells in experimental models, imparting its anti-atherogenic role [72]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and atherosclerosis.