APOE and atherosclerosis: The apple studies conducted on ApoE-/- mice showed that these fruits could reduce atherosclerosis through a large variety of metabolic actions, including increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity [169], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and Nrf2, reduced plasma uric acid concentration and decreased circulating cholesterol in serum [170].