TGFB1 and glioblastoma: Furthermore, TGF-β signaling promotes GBM cells’ stemness through SOX4-SOX2 pathway activation, and Smad-dependent induction of LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), which subsequently activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT) pathway promoting the migration and invasion of GSCs [28,29].