CSF2 and Insulin resistance: It has also been reported that T-cell-derived transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interferon γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokines are involved in the immune-mediated destruction of diabetic β cells, leading to insulin resistance [19].