TNF and COVID-19: Interestingly, a comparison of single-cell RNA sequencing in patients with severe COVID-19 and patients with severe influenza showed that patients with COVID-19 had unique hyperinflammatory signatures for all types of immune cells, especially in the upregulation of inflammatory responses caused by TNF and IL-1, whereas type I IFN and type II IFN responses predominated in patients with severe influenza [56].