INS and Obesity: Anti-obesity gut microbiota, such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides, can induce weight loss in many ways, including reducing intestinal permeability, enhancing the integrity of intestinal mucosa by increasing the level of the tight junction protein, regulating the expression of key regulatory factors involved in fat production, reducing intestinal inflammation, reducing insulin resistance, and promoting the browning of white fat by reducing the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β.