This post-translational modification of the protein is primarily catalyzed by glutaredoxin (Grx), which leads to enhanced or suppressed activity; it can prevent protein degradation by proteolysis or sulfhydryl overoxidation, plays a key role in cellular signaling and participates in some pathological processes, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer [65,68,69,70,71]. The gene discussed is GLRX; the disease is cancer.