TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: HPA axis was altered after stress, with different responses to CRS (↓r ACTH and CORT, ↑ AVP, but normal CRH) and ARS (↑ CRH, ACTH and CORT, but normal AVP). Prolonged and short-term Ipt treatment normalised stress-induced HPA axis disorders and abnormal behav in mice. CRS and ARS ↑mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-1_, IL-6 and TLR4 and OS molecules (gp91phox, iNOS and Nrf2) in the hypothalamus. IF showed CRS and ARS ↑ microglia activation (CD11b and TNF_) and OS in neurons (NeuN and gp91phox), which were ↓ by Ipt