PTGS2 and melanoma: Among these polyphenols, catechins (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, procyanidin oligomers) have been reported to inhibit melanoma cell growth and invasion by multiple mechanisms (cell cycle arrest, decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 expression, prostaglandin E2 production, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and NFκBp65 activation) [126].