TP53 and cancer: It is widely recognized that genetic mutations are ubiquitous to cancer, especially the overexpression of genes such as RAS, MYC, and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF–1–alpha) and the loss of function of the tumor suppressor factor TP53, which confers on cancer cells a selective growth advantage for aberrant cell growth and proliferation [270,271,272,273].