Although they are capable of eliciting proinflammatory and immune responses to facilitate the clearance of pathogens, HDPs mediate largely anti-inflammatory responses during inflammation and infection by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 [25,26] (Figure 1). Here, TNF is linked to infection.