ALCAM and osteoarthritis: In 2003, Fickert et al. reported that the markers CD9, CD44, CD54, CD90, and CD166 could be used to identify MSCs isolated from the synovium of human patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and they also confirmed that CD9/CD90/CD166 triple-positive cell subgroups had obvious chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation abilities [18].