UBA1 and cancer: These proteins include ALDH2, a cancer stem cell marker associated with invasion and metastasis [36]; RAN, a small GTPase that contributes to cancer proliferative signaling, chemoresistance, and metastasis [37]; CLIC1, a chloride pump that is upregulated in cancer to promote tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis [38]; and UBA1, the dominant E1 enzyme that facilitates DNA repair through the BRCA1- and TP53BP1-associated mechanism (Figure S2B) [39].