AFP and neoplasm: High levels of lymphocytes have antitumor activity, infiltrate into tumor tissue, and induce tumor cell apoptosis.43 Tumor cells interact with platelets and promote neutrophil accumulation in tumor tissue, which helps form metastases.44,45 In our study, PNI, AFP, and NLR were included as continuous rather than discrete variables, meaning that the MPML incorporates more detailed information than previous models.