TGFB1 and neoplasm: For example, a phase II trial of PDS0101 (HPV-16 E6/E7 & peptide vaccine), M9241 (Il-12 targeting immunocytokine), and bintrafusp alfa (anti-PD-L1/TGF-β bifunctional protein) demonstrated an overall response rate of 43%.22 Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches that increase immune-mediated anti-tumor activity with immune checkpoint blockade agents, especially with therapeutic HPV vaccines, are warranted.