Our study is the first to show that (i) serum levels of PAG, free and total IS, and free and total PCG are significantly higher in patients taking PPIs than in those who do not and (ii) this association remains statistically significant after adjustment for eGFR, age, sex, history of AKI, serum CRP and albumin levels, diabetes, BMI, smoking status, ACR, and the total number of co-prescribed medications. Here, ALB is linked to acute kidney injury.