Previous findings suggested that palytoxin activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade (including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK) and p38 protein kinase) in response to heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) phosphorylation in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells [35]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to breast adenocarcinoma.