IL11 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In our study, we found that TGF-β1 could be a potential serum biomarker for assessing pre-clinical cardiovascular injury in NSCLC patients, possibly for the following reasons: on the one hand, TGF-β1 activates the expression of collagen I and IL-11 through RAS/MAPK and PI3K regulation, as well as promoting the fibrotic process [68,69,70]; on the other hand, TGF-β1 may aggravate cardiovascular dysfunction by reducing endoplasmic reticulum ROS production, inhibiting antioxidant enzyme systems, and promoting ventricular remodeling [60,71], thereby reducing patients’ survival [72].