TNF and autoimmune hepatitis: This hypothesis is supported by the efficacy of anti-TNF treatment in patients with refractory difficult-to-treat AIH 35 and the intrahepatic enrichment of autoreactive CD4+ T cells with TH1 polarization that drive AIH by secreting TNF and IFN-γ.36–39 Notably, the normalization of liver transaminases and Ig levels in our cohort was accompanied by a decrease of TNF but not IFN-γ and IL-12p70 plasma levels.