TGFB1 and pulmonary emphysema: TGFβ drives myofibroblast differentiation, cellular migration and ECM protein production (Harrell et al., 2018), and deficiencies and genetic polymorphisms in TGFβ signalling pathway components have been associated with emphysema (Bonniaud et al., 2004; Celedón et al., 2004; Hersh et al., 2009; Li et al., 2011).