CXCL12 and neuropathy: To date, increasing evidence has indicated that CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 triggers signal transduction pathways, showing multiple inflammatory-modulating activities, including recruiting of perivascular macrophages in neuropathy (Mai et al., 2021), activating cells to secrete and release inflammatory cytokines (Dong et al., 2021), and promoting neuronal circuit formation (Peng et al., 2007).