Interesting immunomodulatory targets deserving further investigation in IAPA and CAPA patients specifically are rIFN-γ (given that decreased interferon-gamma signaling has been identified in IAPA/CAPA patients compared to non-IAPA/CAPA severe influenza and COVID-19 patients), anakinra (anti-interleukin-1, given the hyperinflammation and probable defect in LC3-associated phagocytosis in these patients) and natural anti-Aspergillus antibodies (shown to be decreased in patients with severe influenza or COVID-19 and proven beneficial in a IAPA mouse model) [140–142]. Here, MAP1LC3A is linked to COVID-19.