Low expression of extracellular carbonic anhydrases—functionally equivalent to experimental carbonic anhydrase inhibition, which is associated with acidosis in breast cancer tissue (Fig. 6)—characterizes tumors with reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il1A, IL1B, IL4, IL6, CXCL2) and transcription factors (NFKB1, STAT3) relative to the degree of tumor immune cell infiltration (Fig. 11E). Here, IL6 is linked to breast cancer.